Robust Video Watermarking Scheme Based on Intra-Coding Process in MPEG-2 Style

The proposed scheme implemented a semi blind digital watermarking method for video exploiting MPEG-2 standard. The watermark is inserted into selected high frequency coefficients of plain types of discrete cosine transform blocks instead of edge and texture blocks during intra coding process. The selection is essential because the error in such type of blocks is less sensitive to human eyes as compared to other categories of blocks. Therefore, the perceptibility of watermarked video does not degraded sharply. Visual quality is also maintained as motion vectors used for generating the motion compensated images are untouched during the entire watermarking process. Experimental results revealed that the scheme is not only robust to re-compression attack, spatial synchronization attacks like cropping, rotation but also strong to temporal synchronization attacks like frame inserting, deleting, swapping and averaging. The superiority of the anticipated method is obtaining the best sturdiness results contrast to the recently delivered schemes

Etiology of SVC Syndrome and its Role in Determining Best Treatment Approach - A Case Report

Introduction: Obstruction of the Super Vena Cava (SVC) can result in symptoms, such as facial plethora and swelling, and be due to a variety of underlying causes besides lung malignancies, the rates of which have changed over time; the underlying etiology is used to determine the best management strategy. Objectives: This case report aims to discuss the role of etiology in determining the best initial treatment for SVC syndrome (SVCS) and outlines the unique management for a patient that represents the changing demographics of SVCS causes. Case Presentation: A 73-year-old male with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and metastatic carcinoma of the colon presented with swelling of the jaw, neck, and tongue. CT scan showed chronic thrombosis of the SVC and bilateral brachiocephalic veins. He had been receiving hemodialysis and chemotherapy through central venous catheters (CVCs) that transversed the SVC and terminated in the right atrium, resulting in venous stasis. Treatment involved double-barrel stent reconstruction of the SVC with temporary repositioning of the chemotherapy port catheter and exchange of the hemodialysis catheter. He experienced relief of symptoms and was able to continue his hemodialysis and chemotherapy appointments. Discussion: For cases of SVCS due to underlying lung malignancies, which has been and remains the most common cause, endovascular stenting is reserved as a palliative measure when treatment of a refractory malignancy fails to resolve the obstruction and for when symptoms are severe because most cases are not life-threatening. However, increased use of CVCs has caused a rise in SVCS due to thrombosis, for which stenting is the first-line treatment. Rare causes of SVCS that may require surgical correction include mediastinal fibrosis and thymomas. Of the few previously published case reports that depict bilateral SVC stenting and temporary repositioning of a CVC, they all describe cases due to lung malignancies or mediastinal fibrosis. Outlining this case presentation can increase awareness of thrombotic stenosis as an increasingly common cause of SVCS, which may occur in patients with a broader range of underlying conditions, ages, and life expectancies and require a wider array of physicians to be knowledgeable of management strategies. While stenting technology has improved dramatically since its inception, follow-up on stent patency will help determine if expanding treatment for lower acuity cases is beneficial. Conclusions: Endovascular stenting is the treatment of choice for thrombotic causes of SVCS, which is becoming more common due to the increased use of CVCs

Designing and Synthesis of Flavonoids Derivatives and Screening of their Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbicidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbistatic). The streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that found in the human mouth cavity. This bacterial strain produces plaque and acids that break down tooth enamel and cause dental caries. Gram positive cocci, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that forms rod-like chains. the chemical reaction of 2- hydroxyacetophenones with aromatic acylchloride occurs to form 1,3-diketones. This rearrangement reaction proceeds via enolate formation followed by acyl transfer. Then it cyclises into flavone.13 As the same of above scheme can be worked out as 2- Methoxybenzoyl Chloride is prepared by reaction of 2- methoxybenzoic acid  with  Thionyl chloride and DMF. 2-Methoxybenzoyl Chloride then added to mixture of 2- hydroxyacetophenone and pyridine, 2-[(2-Methoxybenzoyl)oxy]acetophenone thus obtained is treated with pyridine and KOH which gives1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2- methoxyphenyl)-propan1,3-dione. The result of study indicated that C5 [1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one]; is only inactive against Streptococcus mutans. All 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives exhibited their MIC to be in range of 250-125 µg/ml., 2,3-dihydroflavan-3-ol derivatives exhibited their MIC to be in  range of  1000- 500 µg/ml. The chalcone derivatives exhibited their MIC to be at 250 µg/ml. Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, flavonoids derivatives, MIC, 2,3-dihydroflavan-3-ol

Synthesis and Evaluation of Aldehyde Derivatives of Sulfonyl Chloride Quinoxaline

In pyrazine mesomeric interaction between the protonated & neutral nitrogen atoms probably destabilizes the cation.N, N’-diprotonation is very easier for pyrazine Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenylquinoxaline by phenylene-diamine in 16 ml of rectified spirit was added & combine solution was warm in water bath for 30 min. added water until slight colorless persist & allow to cool recrystallize the product in ethanol.   Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenylquinoxaline 7-sulfonylchloride (R) using chlorosulfonic acid under ice-cold condition, then Synthesis of  2-hydroxyphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate(R1) throughresorcinol with 3ml pyridine & sulphonyl chloride derivative, Synthesis of 2-formylphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate(R7)obtained by reaction of salicylaldehyde with pyridine & sulphonyl chloride derivative then Synthesis of 3-formylphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate(R9) obtained by heating on water bath mixture of3-hydroxybenzaldehyde with pyridine & sulphonyl chloride, Synthesized quinoxaline derivatives were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by well diffusion method against gram positive (S.aureus, 2079) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli, 2685). The results of quinoxaline derivatives in terms of zone of inhibition recorded. MIC of quinoxaline derivative was determined by tube micro dilution technique against S. aureus and E. coli. The turbidity was measured by UV at about 420 nm. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and 1, 1 diphenyl 2, picryl hydrazyl Method (DPPH) calculated and Most of the derivatives have shown comparable antioxidant activity in relation to standard Ascorbic acid and DPPH.  Keywords: QSAR, Sulfonyl Chloride Quinoxaline, Ant-microbial, Antioxidan

Synthesis and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Phenol and Aldehyde Derivatives of Sulfonyl Chloride Quinoxaline

N, N’-diprotonation is very easier for pyrazine Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenylquinoxaline by phenylene-diamine in 16 ml of rectified spirit was added & combine solution was warm in water bath for 30 min. added water until slight colorless persist & allow to cool recrystallize the product in ethanol.   Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenylquinoxaline 7-sulfonylchloride (R) using chlorosulfonic acid under ice-cold condition, thenSynthesis of  2-hydroxyphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate (R1) throughresorcinol with 3ml pyridine &sulphonyl chloride derivative, Synthesis of 2-formylphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate (R7)obtained by reaction of salicylaldehyde with pyridine &sulphonyl chloride derivative then Synthesis of 3-formylphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate (R9) obtained by heating on water bath mixture of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde with pyridine &sulphonyl chloride, Synthesized quinoxaline derivatives were subjected to antioxidant activity.Hydrogen peroxide solution (40 mM) was prepared with standard phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Different concentration of the compound stock solution and 4ml distilled water was added to 0.6 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution. Absorbance was determined at 230 nm after 10 min against a blank solution containing phosphate buffer without hydrogen peroxide. DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured using the method of Cotelleet al. with some modifications. 3 ml of reaction mixture containing 0.2 ml of DPPH (100 μM in methanol) 2.8 ml of test solution, at various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 320 μg/ml) of the extract fractions was incubated at 37°C for 30 min absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 517 nm using Beckman model DU-40 spectrophotometer. Most of the derivatives have shown comparable antioxidant activity in relation to standard Ascorbic acid and DPPH Keywords: DPPH,Quinoxaline, Antioxidant activity,Sulfonyl chloride quinoxaline

Synthesis and Evaluation of Phenol Derivatives of Sulfonyl Chloride Quinoxaline

The objective of the present study was to synthesize some new 7-sulfonate of 2, 3- Diphenyl quinoxaline which are more potential as antibacterial than parent quinoxalines. The present study was synthesis of derivatives of sulfonyl chloride quinoxaline and physicochemical and spectral characterization, in vitro antimicrobial screening against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.The concentration of derivatives used as 200 and 400 microgram initially. When 200 µg concentrations was used R6 shows sensitivity towards S. aureus and R6 shows sensitivity towards gram negative E. coli organism. When 400 µg used then R3, R5, and R6 shows sensitivity in case of gram positive organism. And in case of gram negative organism R5, R6 shows sensitivity.Azithromycin is used as Reference drug and a comparative study was done. As compare to reference drug all derivatives shows less sensitivity than S- Standard and R- quinoxaline derivatives. Keywords: Diphenyl quinoxaline, QSAR, Quinoxaline, Phenol derivative

Episodes of prolonged “trance-like state” in an infant with hypothalamic hamartoma

Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is one of the most common causes of central precocious puberty (CPP) in first few years of life. It can present with either seizures or CPP, although both manifestations coexist in the majority of the children. Gelastic seizures (GS), or laughing spells, are usually the first type of seizures seen in patients with HH. Although a wide variety of seizure types are known to occur in children with HH, GS are most common and consistent seizure type. The clinical presentation of HH may vary with the size and position of the mass, although large tumours typically present with both CPP and seizures. Although CPP can be managed with medical therapy, seizures can be very difficult to treat, even with multiple antiepileptic drugs. Noninvasive gamma knife surgery has been used with some success for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. We present a case of HH with very early onset seizures and CPP. The patient had an atypical form of seizures described by the parents as a "trance-like state" in which the patient had prolonged episodes of unresponsiveness lasting for hours with normal feedings during the episodes. GS occurred late in the course and were refractory to various combinations of antiepileptic drugs. A brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a large sessile HH (>20 mm). Later in the course of the disease, the patient experienced cognitive and behavioural problems. The patient underwent gamma knife surgery at nearly 5 years of age and experienced a modest response in seizure frequency. This case highlights the presentation of HH as a previously unreported seizure morphology described as a prolonged "trance-like state.

Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease : an update

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), once considered a disease of the Western hemisphere, has emerged as a global disease. As the disease prevalence is on a steady rise, management of IBD has come under the spotlight. 5-Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents and biologics are the backbone of treatment of IBD. With the advent of biologics and small molecules, the need for surgery and hospitalization has decreased. However, economic viability and acceptability is an important determinant of local prescription patterns. Nearly one-third of the patients in West receive biologics as the first/initial therapy. The scenario is different in developing countries where biologics are used only in a small proportion of patients with IBD. Increased risk of reactivation of tuberculosis and high cost of the therapy are limitations to their use. Thiopurines hence become critical for optimal management of patients with IBD in these regions. However, approximately one-third of patients are intolerant or develop adverse effects with their use. This has led to suboptimal use of thiopurines in clinical practice. This review article discusses the clinical aspects of thiopurine use in patients with IBD with the aim of optimizing their use to full therapeutic potential.Peer reviewe